Article object
Appendixes
Element or context:
<app-group><app>
Requirements:
- Place any appendices within an <app-group> after the reference list for the main article
- Each appendix should be contained in its own <app> with a unique id of the form "app{some number}"
- Tables, figures, etc. will have labels that follow the convention "{Uppercase letter}{number}", where the letter corresponds to the letter of the appendix and the number is the first occurence of that object (e.g, "Table A1"); see the example, below
Example:
<app-group>
<app id="app1">
<title>Appendix A. Geochronology methods.</title>
<sec>
<title>CA–TIMS analyses</title>
<p>CA–TIMS (chemical-abrasion – thermal ionization mass spectrometry) procedures described here are modified from <xref rid="refg104" ref-type="bib-ref">Mundil et al. (2004)</xref>, <xref rid="refg103" ref-type="bib-ref">Mattinson (2005)</xref>, and <xref rid="refg106" ref-type="bib-ref">Scoates and Friedman (2008)</xref>. After rock samples have undergone standard mineral separation procedures, zircons were handpicked in alcohol. The clearest, crack- and inclusion-free grains were selected, photographed, and then annealed in quartz glass crucibles at 900 °C for 60 h. Annealed grains were transferred into 3.5 mL PFA screw top beakers, ultrapure HF (up to 50% strength, 500 mL) and HNO<sub>3</sub> (up to 14 N, 50 mL) were added and caps closed finger tight. The beakers were placed in 125 mL PTFE liners (up to four per liner). About 2 mL HF and 0.2 mL HNO<sub>3</sub> of the same strength as acid in beakers containing samples was added to the liners. The liners were slid into stainless steel Parr™ high-pressure dissolution devices, which were sealed and heated to a maximum of 200 °C for 8–16 h (typically 175 °C for 12 h). Beakers were removed from liners and zircon was separated from leachate. Zircons were rinsed with >18 MΩ.cm water and subboiled acetone. Then 2 mL of subboiled 6 N HCl was added and beakers were set on a hotplate at 80–130 °C for 30 min, and again rinsed with water and acetone. Masses were estimated from the dimensions (volumes) of grains. Single grains were transferred into clean 300 mL PFA microcapsules (crucibles), and 50 mL 50% HF and 5 mL 14 N HNO<sub>3</sub> were added. Each was spiked with a <sup>233-235</sup>U/<sup>205</sup>Pb tracer solution, capped, and again placed in a Parr liner (8–15 microcapsules per liner). HF and nitric acids in a 10:1 ratio, respectively, were added to the liner, which was then placed in the Parr high-pressure device, and dissolution was achieved at 240 °C for 40 h. The resulting solutions were dried on a hotplate at 130 °C, 50 mL 6 N HCl was added to microcapsules, and fluorides were dissolved in high pressure Parr devices for 12 h at 210 °C. HCl solutions were transferred into clean 7 mL PFA beakers and dried with 2 mL of 0.5 N H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>. Samples were loaded onto degassed, zone-refined Re filaments in 2 mL of silicic acid emitter (<xref rid="refg100" ref-type="bib-ref">Gerstenberger and Haase 1997</xref>).</p>
<p>Isotopic ratios were measured using a modified single collector VG-54R thermal ionization mass spectrometre equipped with analogue Daly photomultipliers. Measurements were taken in peak-switching mode on the Daly detector. Analytical blanks are 0.2 pg for U and up to 5.0 pg for Pb. U fractionation was determined directly on individual runs using the <sup>233-235</sup>U tracer, and Pb isotopic ratios were corrected for fractionation of 0.23–0.32%/amu, based on replicate analyses of the NBS-982 Pb reference material and the values recommended by <xref rid="refg109" ref-type="bib-ref">Thirlwall (2000)</xref>. Data reduction employed the Excel-based program of <xref rid="refg105" ref-type="bib-ref">Schmitz and Schoene (2007)</xref>. Standard concordia diagrams were constructed, and regression intercepts, weighted averages were calculated with Isoplot (<xref rid="refg102" ref-type="bib-ref">Ludwig 2003</xref>). Unless otherwise noted, all errors are quoted at the 2<italic>σ</italic> (95%) level of confidence. Isotopic ages were calculated with the decay constants l238 = 1.55125E–10 and l235 = 9.8485E–10 (<xref rid="refg101" ref-type="bib-ref">Jaffey et al. 1971</xref>). EARTHTIME U–Pb synthetic solutions were analyzed on an on-going basis to monitor the accuracy of results.</p>
</sec>
<sec>
<title>LA–ICP–MS detrital zircon analyses</title>
<p>Two 10 kg samples of basal Telkwa Formation rock were collected for analyses. Zircons were separated from their host rocks using conventional mineral separation methods, and sectioned in an epoxy grain mount along with grains of an internationally accepted standard (Plešovice, a zircon standard with weighted mean <sup>206</sup>Pb/<sup>238</sup>U date of 337.13 ± 0.37 Ma), and brought to a very high polish. The surface of the mount was then washed for ∼10 min with dilute nitric acid and rinsed in ultraclean water. Analyses are carried out using a New Wave 213 nm Nd-YAG laser coupled to a Thermo Finnigan Element2 high-resolution ICP–MS. Ablation was in a New Wave “Supercell” ablation chamber, which is designed to achieve very high efficiency entrainment of aerosols into the carrier gas. Helium was used as the carrier gas for all experiments, and gas flow rates, together with other parametres such as torch position, were optimized prior to beginning a series of analyses. We typically used a 25 or 30 μm spot with 28%–32% laser power, and we did line scans rather than spot analyses to avoid within-run elemental fractions. Each analysis consisted of a 10 s background measurement (laser off) followed by a ∼30 s data acquisition period with the laser firing. A typical analytical session consisted of four analyses of the standard zircon, followed by four analyses of unknown zircons, one standard, one monitor zircon of known age, four unknown analyses, etc., and finally four standard analyses. Data were reduced using the GLITTER software package developed by the GEMOC group at Macquarrie University, which subtracts background measurements, propagate analytical errors, and calculates isotopic ratios and ages. This application generates a time-resolved record of each laser shot. Final ages for contiguous populations of relatively young (Phanerozoic) zircons are typically based on a weighted average of the calculated <sup>206</sup>Pb/<sup>238</sup>U ages for 20–25 individual analyses. For detrital zircon samples, 60 grains were analyzed and displayed on Concordia and probability plots. For the latter, <sup>206</sup>Pb/<sup>238</sup>U ages are used for grains less than 1 Ga and <sup>207</sup>Pb/<sup>206</sup>Pb ages for those greater than 1 Ga; these data were filtered at 10% discordance. Plotting of the analytical results employed ISOPLOT 3.00 software (<xref rid="refg102" ref-type="bib-ref">Ludwig 2003</xref>).</p></sec>
<sec>
<ref-list>
<title>References</title>
<ref id="refg100">
<mixed-citation id="ref100" publication-type="journal" xlink:type="simple"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Gerstenberger</surname><given-names>H.</given-names></name><name><surname>Haase</surname><given-names>G.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>1997</year>. <article-title>A highly effective emitter substance for mass spectrometric Pb isotope ratio determinations</article-title>. <source>Chemical Geology</source>, <volume>136</volume>: <fpage>309</fpage>–<lpage>312</lpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/S0009-2541(96)00033-2</pub-id>.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="refg101">
<mixed-citation id="ref101" publication-type="journal" xlink:type="simple"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Jaffey</surname><given-names>A.H.</given-names></name><name><surname>Flynn</surname><given-names>K.F.</given-names></name><name><surname>Glendenin</surname><given-names>L.E.</given-names></name><name><surname>Bentley</surname><given-names>W.C.</given-names></name><name><surname>Essling</surname><given-names>A.M.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>1971</year>. <article-title>Precision measurement of half-lives and specific activities of U<sup>235</sup> and U<sup>238</sup></article-title>. <source>Physical Review C</source>, <volume>4</volume>: <fpage>1889</fpage>–<lpage>1906</lpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1103/PhysRevC.4.1889</pub-id>.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="refg102">
<mixed-citation id="ref102" publication-type="book" xlink:type="simple">Ludwig, K.R. 2003. Isoplot 3.00: a geochronological toolkit for Microsoft Excel [program]. Berkely Geochronological Center, Berkely, CA.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="refg103">
<mixed-citation id="ref103" publication-type="journal" xlink:type="simple"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Mattinson</surname><given-names>J.M.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2005</year>. <article-title>Zircon U–Pb chemical abrasion (“CA-TIMS”) method: combined annealing and multi-step partial dissolution analysis for improved precision and accuracy of zircon ages</article-title>. <source>Chemical Geology</source>, <volume>220</volume>: <fpage>47</fpage>–<lpage>66</lpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/j.chemgeo.2005.03.011</pub-id>.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="refg104">
<mixed-citation id="ref104" publication-type="journal" xlink:type="simple"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Mundil</surname><given-names>R.</given-names></name><name><surname>Ludwig</surname><given-names>K.R.</given-names></name><name><surname>Metcalfe</surname><given-names>I.</given-names></name><name><surname>Renne</surname><given-names>P.R.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2004</year>. <article-title>Age and timing of the Permian mass extinctions: U/Pb dating of closed-system zircons</article-title>. <source>Science</source>, <volume>305</volume>: <fpage>1760</fpage>–<lpage>1763</lpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1126/science.1101012</pub-id>. <pub-id pub-id-type="pmid">15375264</pub-id>.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="refg105">
<mixed-citation id="ref105" publication-type="journal" xlink:type="simple"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Schmitz</surname><given-names>M.D.</given-names></name><name><surname>Schoene</surname><given-names>B.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2007</year>. <article-title>Derivation of isotope ratios, errors, and error correlations for U–Pb geochronology using <sup>205</sup>Pb-<sup>235</sup>U-(<sup>233</sup>U)-spiked isotope dilution thermal ionization mass spectrometric data</article-title>. <source>Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems</source>, <volume>8</volume>, <fpage>Q08006</fpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1029/2006GC001492</pub-id>.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="refg106">
<mixed-citation id="ref106" publication-type="journal" xlink:type="simple"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Scoates</surname><given-names>J.S.</given-names></name><name><surname>Friedman</surname><given-names>R.M.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2008</year>. <article-title>Precise age of the platiniferous Merensky Reef, Bushveld Complex, South Africa, by the U–Pb zircon chemical abrasion ID-TIMS technique</article-title>. <source>Economic Geology</source>, <volume>103</volume>: <fpage>465</fpage>–<lpage>471</lpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.2113/gsecongeo.103.3.465</pub-id>.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
<ref id="refg109">
<mixed-citation id="ref109" publication-type="journal" xlink:type="simple"><person-group person-group-type="author"><name><surname>Thirlwall</surname><given-names>M.F.</given-names></name></person-group> <year>2000</year>. <article-title>Inter-laboratory and other errors in Pb isotope analyses investigated using a <sup>207</sup>Pb–<sup>204</sup>Pb double spike</article-title>. <source>Chemical Geology</source>, <volume>163</volume>: <fpage>299</fpage>–<lpage>322</lpage>. <pub-id pub-id-type="doi">10.1016/S0009-2541(99)00135-7</pub-id>.</mixed-citation>
</ref>
</ref-list>
</sec>
</app><app id="app2">Appendix B. Genetic methods.</title>
<sec>
<table-wrap id="tab4" position="float" orientation="portrait">
<label>Table B1.</label><caption><title>List of examined species, geographic origins of samples, and GenBank accession numbers.</title></caption><oasis:table xmlns:oasis="http://docs.oasis-open.org/ns/oasis-exchange/table" frame="none">
<oasis:tgroup cols="3">
<oasis:colspec colnum="1" colname="col1" colwidth="198.00pt"/>
<oasis:colspec colnum="2" colname="col2" colwidth="162.75pt"/>
<oasis:colspec colnum="3" colname="col3" colwidth="72.75pt"/>
<oasis:thead>
<oasis:row>
<oasis:entry valign="bottom" align="left" colsep="0" rowsep="0">Orchid species</oasis:entry>
<oasis:entry valign="bottom" align="left" colsep="0" rowsep="0">Geographic origins</oasis:entry>
<oasis:entry valign="bottom" align="left" colsep="0" rowsep="0">Accession No.</oasis:entry></oasis:row></oasis:thead>
<oasis:tbody>
<oasis:row>
<oasis:entry valign="top" align="left" colsep="0" rowsep="0"><italic>Cephalanthera epipactoides</italic> Fischer & C.A. Meyer</oasis:entry>
<oasis:entry valign="top" align="left" colsep="0" rowsep="0">Evros, Greece</oasis:entry>
<oasis:entry valign="top" align="left" colsep="0" rowsep="0">JX051380</oasis:entry></oasis:row>
<oasis:row>
<oasis:entry valign="top" align="left" colsep="0" rowsep="0"><italic>C. longifolia</italic> (L.) Fritsch</oasis:entry>
<oasis:entry valign="top" align="left" colsep="0" rowsep="0">Sorgono, Nuoro, Italy</oasis:entry>
<oasis:entry valign="top" align="left" colsep="0" rowsep="0">JX051381</oasis:entry></oasis:row>
<oasis:row>
<oasis:entry valign="top" align="left" colsep="0" rowsep="0"><italic>C. rubra</italic> (L.) Rich.</oasis:entry>
<oasis:entry valign="top" align="left" colsep="0" rowsep="0">Sassano, Salerno, Italy</oasis:entry>
<oasis:entry valign="top" align="left" colsep="0" rowsep="0">JX088502</oasis:entry></oasis:row>
<oasis:row>
<oasis:entry valign="top" align="left" colsep="0" rowsep="0"><italic>Epipactis atrorubens</italic> (Hoffm. ex Bernh.) Besser</oasis:entry>
<oasis:entry valign="top" align="left" colsep="0" rowsep="0">Caselette, Torino, Italy</oasis:entry>
<oasis:entry valign="top" align="left" colsep="0" rowsep="0">JX088503</oasis:entry></oasis:row>
<oasis:row>
<oasis:entry valign="top" align="left" colsep="0" rowsep="0"><italic>E. dunensis</italic> (Steph.) Godfery</oasis:entry>
<oasis:entry valign="top" align="left" colsep="0" rowsep="0">Alinsdale, Lancashire, UK</oasis:entry>
<oasis:entry valign="top" align="left" colsep="0" rowsep="0">JX088504</oasis:entry></oasis:row>
<oasis:row>
<oasis:entry valign="top" align="left" colsep="0" rowsep="0"><italic>E. helleborine</italic> (L.) Crantz</oasis:entry>
<oasis:entry valign="top" align="left" colsep="0" rowsep="0">Teano, Caserta, Italy</oasis:entry>
<oasis:entry valign="top" align="left" colsep="0" rowsep="0">JX094820</oasis:entry></oasis:row>
<oasis:row>
<oasis:entry valign="top" align="left" colsep="0" rowsep="0"><italic>E. lindisfarne</italic> Delforge</oasis:entry>
<oasis:entry valign="top" align="left" colsep="0" rowsep="0">Lindisfarne, Northumbria, UK</oasis:entry>
<oasis:entry valign="top" align="left" colsep="0" rowsep="0">JX094819</oasis:entry></oasis:row>
<oasis:row>
<oasis:entry valign="top" align="left" colsep="0" rowsep="0"><italic>E. microphylla</italic> (Ehrh.) Sw. </oasis:entry>
<oasis:entry valign="top" align="left" colsep="0" rowsep="0">Roccamonfina, Caserta, Italy</oasis:entry>
<oasis:entry valign="top" align="left" colsep="0" rowsep="0">JX094818</oasis:entry></oasis:row>
<oasis:row>
<oasis:entry valign="top" align="left" colsep="0" rowsep="0"><italic>E. palustris</italic> (L.) Crantz</oasis:entry>
<oasis:entry valign="top" align="left" colsep="0" rowsep="0">Pizzo Nido, Sicilia, Italy</oasis:entry>
<oasis:entry valign="top" align="left" colsep="0" rowsep="0">JX094817</oasis:entry></oasis:row>
<oasis:row>
<oasis:entry valign="top" align="left" colsep="0" rowsep="0"><italic>E. purpurata</italic> S.m.</oasis:entry>
<oasis:entry valign="top" align="left" colsep="0" rowsep="0">Terranova del Pollino, Potenza, Italy</oasis:entry>
<oasis:entry valign="top" align="left" colsep="0" rowsep="0">JX094816</oasis:entry></oasis:row>
<oasis:row>
<oasis:entry valign="top" align="left" colsep="0" rowsep="0"><italic>Limodorum abortivum</italic> (L.) Sw.</oasis:entry>
<oasis:entry valign="top" align="left" colsep="0" rowsep="0">Mt. Vesuvio, Napoli, Italy</oasis:entry>
<oasis:entry valign="top" align="left" colsep="0" rowsep="0">JX051376</oasis:entry></oasis:row>
<oasis:row>
<oasis:entry valign="top" align="left" colsep="0" rowsep="0"><italic>L. trabutianum</italic> Battandier</oasis:entry>
<oasis:entry valign="top" align="left" colsep="0" rowsep="0">Domus Novas, Cagliari, Italy</oasis:entry>
<oasis:entry valign="top" align="left" colsep="0" rowsep="0">JX051377</oasis:entry></oasis:row>
<oasis:row>
<oasis:entry valign="top" align="left" colsep="0" rowsep="0"><italic>L. brulloi</italic> Bartolo & Pulvirenti</oasis:entry>
<oasis:entry valign="top" align="left" colsep="0" rowsep="0">Mt. Pollino, Cosenza, Italy</oasis:entry>
<oasis:entry valign="top" align="left" colsep="0" rowsep="0">JX051378</oasis:entry></oasis:row>
<oasis:row>
<oasis:entry valign="top" align="left" colsep="0" rowsep="0"><italic>Listera ovata</italic> (L.) Brown</oasis:entry>
<oasis:entry valign="top" align="left" colsep="0" rowsep="0">Sassano, Salerno, Italy</oasis:entry>
<oasis:entry valign="top" align="left" colsep="0" rowsep="0">JX051379</oasis:entry></oasis:row>
<oasis:row>
<oasis:entry valign="top" align="left" colsep="0" rowsep="0"><italic>Neottia nidus-avis</italic> (L.) Rich.</oasis:entry>
<oasis:entry valign="top" align="left" colsep="0" rowsep="0">Tignale, Brescia, Italy</oasis:entry>
<oasis:entry valign="top" align="left" colsep="0" rowsep="0">JX133785/86/87</oasis:entry></oasis:row>
<oasis:row>
<oasis:entry valign="top" align="left" colsep="0" rowsep="0"><italic>N. nidus-avis</italic> (L.) Rich.</oasis:entry>
<oasis:entry valign="top" align="left" colsep="0" rowsep="0">Sassano, Salerno, Italy</oasis:entry>
<oasis:entry valign="top" align="left" colsep="0" rowsep="0"> </oasis:entry></oasis:row>
<oasis:row>
<oasis:entry valign="top" align="left" colsep="0" rowsep="0"><italic>N. nidus-avis</italic> (L.) Rich.</oasis:entry>
<oasis:entry valign="top" align="left" colsep="0" rowsep="0">Sicignano degli Alburni, Salerno, Italy</oasis:entry>
<oasis:entry valign="top" align="left" colsep="0" rowsep="0"> </oasis:entry></oasis:row>
<oasis:row>
<oasis:entry valign="top" align="left" colsep="0" rowsep="0"><italic>N. nidus-avis</italic> (L.) Rich.</oasis:entry>
<oasis:entry valign="top" align="left" colsep="0" rowsep="0">Monte Santangelo, Foggia, Italy</oasis:entry>
<oasis:entry valign="top" align="left" colsep="0" rowsep="0"> </oasis:entry></oasis:row>
<oasis:row>
<oasis:entry valign="top" align="left" colsep="0" rowsep="0"><italic>N. nidus-avis</italic> (L.) Rich.</oasis:entry>
<oasis:entry valign="top" align="left" colsep="0" rowsep="0">Piedimonte Matese, Caserta, Italy</oasis:entry>
<oasis:entry valign="top" align="left" colsep="0" rowsep="0"> </oasis:entry></oasis:row></oasis:tbody></oasis:tgroup></oasis:table>
</table-wrap>
</sec>
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